The Invisible Architecture of Global Data Flows
How undersea cables, satellite networks, and terrestrial fiber shape the geography of information in an increasingly connected world
The modern internet is often imagined as ethereal -- a cloud, a web, something hovering above the physical world. But beneath the ocean surfaces, threaded through mountain passes, and buried under city streets, a vast physical infrastructure carries 99% of intercontinental data traffic. This investigation maps the chokepoints, ownership structures, and geopolitical vulnerabilities of the global data network.
Our analysis of over 400 submarine cable systems reveals concentration patterns that challenge assumptions about the decentralized nature of digital communication. Three corporate entities control more than 60% of transoceanic capacity, creating dependencies that echo historical patterns of colonial-era telegraph networks.