DISTRIBUTION
The richest 10% of the global population captures 52% of all income. The poorest half receives 8.5%. These numbers are not fluctuations in a system trending toward equilibrium. They are the stable output of a set of institutional arrangements that produce inequality as reliably as a factory produces its designated product. The question is never whether the economy grows, but for whom.
When economists speak of "efficiency," they typically mean Pareto efficiency -- a state where no one can be made better off without making someone worse off. But this definition is agnostic about the distribution it optimizes around. A society where one person owns everything and the rest starve can be Pareto efficient. The concept itself encodes an indifference to justice.