理論武装

ARMED WITH THEORY

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TOULMIN

Claim, grounds, warrant, backing, qualifier, rebuttal — the anatomy of every argument.

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ROGERIAN

Find common ground. Acknowledge opposition. Build consensus through empathy.

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CLASSICAL

Exordium, narratio, confirmatio, refutatio, peroratio — rhetoric since Aristotle.

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FALLACY CATALOG

Ad Hominem argumentum ad hominem

Attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself.

Straw Man ignoratio elenchi

Misrepresenting someone's argument to make it easier to attack.

False Dilemma bifurcatio

Presenting only two options when more exist.

Appeal to Authority argumentum ad verecundiam

Using an authority figure's opinion as evidence without proper justification.

Slippery Slope continuum fallacy

Claiming one event will inevitably lead to extreme consequences.

Red Herring ignoratio elenchi

Introducing an irrelevant topic to divert attention from the argument.

Circular Reasoning petitio principii

Using the conclusion as a premise in the argument itself.

Hasty Generalization dicto simpliciter

Drawing broad conclusions from insufficient or unrepresentative evidence.

CHALLENGE BOARD

Free will is an illusion constructed by evolutionary necessity.

12 participants / Active Engage

Artificial intelligence will never achieve genuine understanding.

8 participants / Active Engage

Democracy requires informed citizens to function — and that standard has never been met.

15 participants / Active Engage

Scientific consensus is a social construct, not a path to truth.

6 participants / New Engage