Definition
Martial law is the imposition of direct military control over normal civil functions or suspension of civil law by a government, especially in response to a temporary emergency where civil forces are overwhelmed.1
Historical Context
The concept originates from Roman law, where a dictator could be appointed during times of crisis with extraordinary powers. Modern martial law typically involves the suspension of habeas corpus and transfer of judicial authority to military tribunals.2
Legal Framework
Most democratic constitutions include provisions for emergency powers while attempting to limit their scope and duration. The tension between security and liberty remains the central legal challenge.3