Layer 2 solutions compress, batch, and accelerate transactions — making blockchain accessible to everyone, everywhere.
Transactions are assumed valid by default. Fraud proofs ensure security — only challenged when disputes arise. The optimistic assumption enables massive throughput gains while inheriting Layer 1 security.
Zero-knowledge proofs mathematically guarantee validity. Every batch includes a cryptographic proof that all transactions are correct — no trust assumptions, no challenge periods, instant finality.
Off-chain communication pathways where participants transact directly — settling only the final state on-chain. Like sending a thousand messages but only posting the summary.
Transactions confirm in milliseconds between channel participants.
Only channel open/close costs gas. Everything between is free.
Intermediate states never touch the public chain.
Child chains anchored to the main chain via periodic commitments. Each plasma chain processes transactions independently, submitting compressed state roots back to Layer 1 for security guarantees.
ZK-proof validity with off-chain data availability. The best of both worlds — cryptographic certainty without the on-chain data costs. Ideal for high-throughput applications where data can be stored elsewhere.